The effect of yttrium and thorium on the oxidation behavior of Ni-Cr-Al alloys

The effect of quaternary additions of 0.5% Y, 0.5 and 1.0% Th to a base alloy of Ni-10CR-5Al on the oxidation behavior and mechanism was studied during oxidation in air over the range of 1000 to 1200 C. The presence of yttrium decreased the oxidation kinetics slightly, whereas, the addition of thorium caused a slight increase. Oxide scale adherence was markedly improved by the addition of the quaternary elements. Although a number of oxides formed on yttrium containing alloys, quantitative X-ray diffraction clearly showed that the rate-controlling step was the diffusion of aluminum through short circuit paths in a thin layer of alumina that formed parabolically with time. Although the scale adherence of the yttrium containing alloy was considerably better than the base alloys, spalling did occur that was attributed to the formation of the voluminous YAG particles which grew in a mushroom-like manner, lifting the protective scale off the subrate locally. The YAG particles formed primarily at grain boundaries in the substrate in which the yttrium originally existed as YNi9

Basque Immigration in the United States

This article was adapted from a talk presented at the Mugaz Gaindi Basque Studies Conference in New York City at Columbia University, as part of the commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the New York Basque Club. It provides a historical overview of the three phases of Basque emigration during the colonial, modern and post-modern eras generally, and within the context of the United States specifically. The article contrasts the immigrant experience of the Basques of the rural American West with the urban, cosmopolitan experience of the New York Basques, as it probes the recent transformation or cultural watershed of the immigrant experience: from an earlier era of profound separation to one of almost constant connection via the Internet

Calculating Ethnicity Through the U.S. Census: The Basque Case

In preparation for the 1980 U. S. Census, the U.S. Census Bureau revamped considerably the way it defined, collected, and reported the ancestry of the American population. A long form of the census schedule was developed for application to one in six households. Prior to 1980, Basques were masked under Spanish nationals and French nationals in the final census reports and Basque-Americans were not distinguished at all. This article considers how Basque ethnicity came to be parsed and reported in three fashions—“Basque, Spanish,” “Basque, French,” and “Basque, n.e.c.” (e.g. “not elsewhere classified”). So it was now possible for Americans to claim Basque ancestry regardless of their birthplace. For scholars of the Basque-American diaspora, the census went from being largely useless to a satisfying analytical tool. However, there have been additional changes in the reporting of ancestry in both the 2000 and 2010 censuses. While the tripartite distinctions are still employed during collection, the responses are currently aggregated into a single Basque category in the reporting process. Consequently, the U. S. census still provides an overview of the population that self-identifies as Basque, but with less precision than did the last two censuses of the 1900s

The Sun Also Sets

Ernest Hemingway launched his career as novelist with The Sun Also Rises, set in large measure in the Basque Country. It was the beginning of a life-long involvement with things Basque. The present article examines the nature of this fascination and its shortcomings. Ernest became a regular attendee of Pamplona\u27s San Fermín festival (and a key architect of its international fame). During his two-decade residence in Cuba, he surrounded himself with Basque jai alai players and political refugees from the Spanish Civil War. Yet Hemingway remained insensitive, if not downright indifferent, to their fervent Basque nationalism. When he subsequently divided his time between Cuba and Idaho (home of the most prominent Basque-American community in the United States) he manifested little interest in the sheepherders and their descendants. In sum, for Hemingway the Basques were the most authentic expression of his beloved Spain and were of interest to the degree that they fed his interests in bullfighting, trout fishing, cuisine, jai alai and folkloric exotica

Federal Securities Law—Fraud—Supreme Court Affirmation of the Birnbaum Rule—Blue Chip Stamps v. Manor Drug Stores, 421 U.S. 723 (1975)

This note will examine the historical background and development of the Birnbaum rule and will consider the Supreme Court\u27s reasoning in its first examination of that rule. Taking the position that the Birnbaum rule is generally a useful one, this note nevertheless suggests that the rule should be applied more flexibly in the future in order to achieve its twin objectives of admitting valid claims and excluding nuisance suits. Particularly questioned will be the Court\u27s failure to delineate and consider separately the validity of the substantive portion of the Birnbaum rule; the Court\u27s wholehearted acceptance of the rule, which casts doubt upon most of its exceptions; and the fact that many deserving plaintiffs will be foreclosed from maintaining 10b-5 actions by the Court\u27s position in Blue Chip

EC1168 Making a Picture Frame

Extension circular 1168 provides step-by-step directions on how to make a picture frame. This circular also includes information on color arrangements on picture frames, directions for mixing colors to put on picture frames, and rejuvenating old picture frames

EC1169 Improvement of the Farmstead thru Paint

Extension circular 1169 discusses improving the farmstead through paint. It provides suggestions on what kind and colors of paint should be used to make your farmstead look good